SITE MAP

1.1 -- Police Traffic Radar

• General Description
  -- /Timing Animation
• S Band (obsolete)
• X Band
• Ku Band
  
• K Band
• Ka Band
• Photo Radar
• Laser Radar
• Microwave versus Laser Radar

1.2 -- Timing Systems (Clocking)

• Across the Road Laser
• Inductive Loops
• Piezo Ceramic Sensors
• Road Cables
• Aerial Clocking
• Distance / Time Computer
• VASCAR
• Stop Watch
• Timing System Errors
  Calculators -- Timing System Errors

1.3 -- Pacing

• Speedometers
• Tire Factors
• Accuracy
  Calculator -- Speedometer Error

1.4 -- Visual Speed Measurements

• Distance/Time Observations
• Vehicle Angle, Angular Rate, and Profile
  Calculator -- Angle, Rate, and Profile

2.1 -- Cosine Error Geometry

• Setup
  
• Overpass
  
• Hills / Curve
  
• Cosine Error Graph

2.2 -- Stationary Radar Cosine Effect

• Measured Speed
  Calculator -- Speed Measured
  Calculator -- Speed Error Range
• Cosine Effect Acceleration
• Cosine Effect Minimum Range
  Calculator -- Minimum Range
  Calculator -- Cosine Effect Simulator
• Examples

3.1 -- Doppler Radar

• Doppler Examples
• Stationary Radar Doppler
• Moving Radar Doppler

4.1 -- Radar Functions

• Detection Range
• Operation
• Controls
• Display / Indicators

4.2 -- Test and Calibration

• Operator Testing
• Self-test
  Calculator -- Off Frequency Speed Error
  
• Tuning Forks
  Calculator -- Speed vs Resonance
  
• Laboratory / Shop Calibration

5.1 -- Operational Problems

• Accuracy
• Acceleration Limits
• Instant-On Start-up Time (Pulsed Radar)
• Tracking Time
• Receiver Saturation
• Multi-path
• Multi Mode Radar
• Scanning Error (hand-held model/antenna)
• Panning Error (multi-piece models)
• Sample Time Minimum Range
• Auto-lock

5.2 -- Vehicle Reflectivity (RCS)

• Radar Cross Section (RCS)
• Automobile RCS
• Multiple Vehicles
  Calculator -- Range 2 Echoes are Equal

5.3 -- Moving Mode Radar

• Operation
• Patrol Speed Shadowing
• Batching or Speed Bumping

5.4 -- Interference

• Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
• Receiver Saturation
• Field Disturbance Sensors
• Harmonic Interference
• Mechanical Interference
• Natural Interference
  
• Unintentional Forms of Radiation

5.5 -- Other Situations

• Marine Radar
• Motorcycle Radar
• Radar in a Tunnel

5.6 -- NHTSA 1980 Tests

• Test Summary
• Recommendations

6.1 -- Photo Radar

• Operation
• Alignment Speed Errors
  Calculator -- Alignment Speed Errors
• Built-in Speed Errors
• Cosine Effect Acceleration
  Calculator -- Photo Radar Variables
• Speed Scattering

Chapter 7 -- LIDAR THEORY AND PRINCIPLES

7.1 -- Introduction to Laser Radar

• In the Beginning...
• Much Later

7.2 -- Lidar Speed Measurements

• Introduction
• Speed Measurements
• Minimum Range
• Block Diagram

7.3 -- Laser Beam Limitations

• Beamwidth
  Calculators -- Beam Spread
• Infrared Spectrum
• Detection Range

Chapter 8 -- LIDAR OPERATION

8.1 -- Lidar Functions

• Operation
• Physical Configurations
• Controls
• Aim Dot / Displays

8.2 -- Lidar Test and Calibration

• Operator Testing
• Lidar Self-test
• Laboratory / Shop Calibration

9.1 -- Lidar Operational Problems

• Interference
• Sweeping or Scanning Error
• Aiming / Alignment Errors
  Calculator -- Aim Distance Error

9.2 -- Speed Error Due to Range Errors

• Reflections Vary Front to/from Rear of Vehicle
• Range Resolution
• Range Variations

Chapter 10 -- BEFORE / AFTER A SPEEDING TICKET

10.1 -- Motoring Tips

• Driving Tips
  
• Traffic-Stop Tips

10.2 -- ELectronic Countermeasures (ECM)

• Scams
• Radar Detectors
  -- Safety Messages / Warnings
• Microwave Jammers
• Laser Jammers

10.3 -- ELectronic Counter Countermeasures

• Radar Detector Detectors (RDD)
• RDD Models

10.4 -- The Courtroom

• Introduction
• Radar Hardware Issues
  
• Take it to Court?
• Preparation for Court
• Court Day
• The Cosine Effect Defense
• Visual Speed Judgment

11.1 -- Frequency Spectrum

• Frequency Multipliers
• Traffic Radar Frequencies
• Frequency Band Designations
• Sound Waves

11.2 -- Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic Wave Parameters
  
• Calculator -- Frequency, Period and Wavelength
• Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
• Polarization

11.3 -- Power Density

• Power Density, ERP, Electric and Magnetic Fields
  Calculator -- Convert Power Density
  Calculator -- Power Density, E/H Fields
  Calculator -- Convert Power
• Police Radar Power Density
• Atmospheric Losses

12.1 -- RF Biological Effects

• Radiation
• Studies and Reports
• Electrical Properties of Living Matter
• Thermal Effects of RF Radiation
• Interaction of Fields and Biological Systems

12.2 -- RF Radiation Standards

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

Appendix B -- Constants/Conversions

• Multiplier Prefixes
  
• Constants
• Decibels (dB)
• Speed Conversions
  Calculator -- Convert Speed
• Length Conversions
  Calculator -- Convert Distance
• Temperature

• Additional Reading / Sources

• About the Author