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List of Figures
Figure 1.1-A -- Timing Animation
Figure 1.1-1 -- Radar Set-up
Figure 1.1-2 -- Across the Road Radar Set-up
Figure 1.1-3 -- Photo Radar Photo
Figure 1.1-4 -- Safety Radar Photo
Figure 1.2-1 -- Across the Road Laser
Figure 1.3-1 -- Tire Diameter from Width, Aspect Ratio, Wheel Diameter
Figure 1.3-2 -- Tire Radius and Measured Speed
Figure 1.4-1 -- Angular Rate Model
Figure 1.4-2 -- Reference Distance to Estimate Profile Projected
Figure 1.4-3 -- Angle Profile Model
Figure 2.1-1 -- Cosine Effect Setup
Figure 2.1-2 -- Cosine Effect from an Overpass
Figure 2.1-3 -- Cosine Effect due to Hills / Curves
Figure 2.1-4 -- Cosine Angle Graph
Figure 2.2-1 -- Cosine Effect and Radar Speed Reading
Figure 2.2-2 -- Cosine Effect Velocity Vectors
Figure 2.2-3 -- Acceleration Model
Figure 2.2-4 -- Minimum Range Example
Figure 2.2-5 -- Acceleration 1 mph/sec, and -0.5 mph Speed Error
Figure 2.2-6 -- Minimum Range Graphs
Figure 2.3-1 -- Moving Mode Velocity Vectors
Figure 2.3-2 -- Target Speed Error (cosine effect angle 0°)
Figure 2.3-3 -- Target Speed Error (cosine effect angle 5°)
Figure 2.4-1 -- Cosine Effect on a Curve
Figure 2.4-2 -- Curve Variables
Figure 2.4-3 -- Curve Model
Figure 2.4-4 -- Velocity Vectors
Figure 3.1-1 -- Radar Signal
Figure 3.1-2 -- Stationary Radar Spectrum
Figure 3.1-3 -- Moving Mode Spectrum Front Antenna
Figure 3.1-4 -- Moving Mode Spectrum Rear Antenna
Figure 3.2-1 -- Stationary Radar Doppler Shift
Figure 3.2-2 -- Moving Radar Relative Speeds
Figure 3.2-3 -- Radar Doppler Shift vs Speed
Figure 3.3-1 -- Range vs Beamwidth
Figure 3.3-2 -- Antenna Pattern vs Detection Range
Figure 3.3-3 -- Detection Range Contour
Figure 3.3-4 -- Dense Traffic Scenario
Figure 4.1-1 -- Typical Radar Gun
Figure 4.1-2 -- Speed Display Configuration
Figure 4.2-1 -- Tuning Fork
Figure 5.1-1 -- Common Problems
Figure 5.2-1 -- Typical Radar Cross Section Plot
Figure 5.2-2 -- Detection Range for Typical Vehicles
Figure 5.2-3 -- Vehicle Ranges for Equal Echoes
Figure 5.2-4 -- Distance Between Vehicles when Echoes Equal
Figure 5.3-1 -- Moving False Ground Echo
Figure 5.4-1 -- X Band Field Disturbance
Figure 5.4-2 -- K Band Field Disturbance
Figure 5.4-3 -- Harmonics
Figure 5.4-4 -- Atmospheric Losses
Figure 5.5-1 -- Multi-path
Figure 5.5-2 -- Multi-path, Moving Water, and Speed Error
Figure 5.5-3 -- Wavelength versus Wave Speed
Photograph -- Radar Mounted to Harley-Davidson
Figure 6.1-2 -- Photo Radar Setup
Figure 6.1-2 -- Across the Road Radar
Figure 6.1-3 -- Across the Road Radar Parameters
Figure 6.1-4 -- Doppler Shift Spectrum
Figure 6.1-5 -- Spectrum for 250 ms Period
Figure 7.1-1 -- And There Was Light
Figure 7.2-1 -- Ladar Timing Parameters
Figure 7.2-2 -- Ladar Pulse Parameters
Figure 7.2-3 -- Ladar Block Diagram
Figure 7.3-1 -- Ladar Beamwidth(s)
Figure 7.3-2 -- Upper Spectrum
Figure 7.3-3 -- IR and Visible Wavelengths
Figure 7.3-4 -- Light Sources Relative Spectrum
Figure 7.3-5 -- Atmospheric Losses
Figure 9.1-1 -- Range vs Speed/Sample Time
Figure 9.1-2 -- Alignment
Figure 9.1-3 -- Alignment Error vs Target Range
Figure 9.2-1 -- Change in Range Error
Figure 9.2-2 -- Speed Error vs Range Error
Figure 9.2-3 -- Minimum Target Separation
Figure 9.2-4 -- Target Echo Delay
Figure 10.3-1 -- Radar Detector LO Leakage
Figure 10.3a -- VG-2 RDD Diagram
Figure 10.3b -- Radar Detector Detector Photo
Figure 10.4-1 -- Cosine Effect Minimum Range
Figure 11.1-1 -- Select Ka Band Radars
Figure 11.2-1 -- Sine Wave Parameters
Figure 11.2-2 -- Electromagnetic Wave in Free Space
Figure 11.3-1 -- Typical Traffic Radar Power Density
Figure 11.3-2 -- Atmospheric Losses: Microwave to Light
Figure 12.1-1 -- Non-Ionizing / Ionizing Radiation
Figure 12.2-1 -- ANSI Standard
Figure 12.2-2 -- IEEE Standard
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List of Tables
Table 1.1-1 -- Microwave versus Laser Radar
Table 1.3-1 -- Tire Diameter Factors (on Speedometer)
Table 1.4-1 -- Angular Resolution 2 arc minutes
Table 3.2-1 -- Unit Speed Doppler Shift
Table 4.2-1 -- 001-100 mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands
Table 4.2-2 -- 101-240 mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands
Table 4.2-3 -- 41-420 mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X band
Table 4.2-4 -- 001-100 kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands
Table 4.2-5 -- 101-240 kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K bands
Table 4.2-6 -- 241-420 kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X band
Table 4.2-7 -- 001-100 knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K band
Table 4.2-8 -- 101-240 knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and K band
Table 4.2-9 -- 41-420 knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X band
Table 4.2-10 -- mph vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and Ku band
Table 4.2-11 -- <kmh vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and Ku band
Table 4.2-12 -- knots vs Tuning Fork (Hz) for X and Ku band
Table 5.1-1 -- Typical Accuracy
Table 5.1-2 -- Maximum Change in Speed
Table 5.1-3 -- Range vs Speed Error for 3 chirp rates
Table 5.1-4 -- Distance, Time, and Speed Conversions
Table 5.1-5 -- Traffic Direction vs Front/Rear Antenna
Table 5.1-6 -- Minimum Range (English units)
Table 5.1-7 -- Minimum Range (Metric units)
Table 5.2-1 -- Typical Average RCS at Microwave Frequencies
Table 5.2-2 -- Measured RCS (sq m)
Table 5.2-3 -- Estimated Vehicle RCS
Table 5.4-1 -- X Band Radar Harmonic Interference
Table 5.4-2 -- K Band Radar Harmonic Interference
Table 5.4-3 -- Ka Band Radar Harmonic Interference
Table 5.6-1 -- Test Radars
Table 5.6-2 -- Problem Summary
Table 5.6-3 -- Moving Mode
Table 5.6-4 -- Variations Between Radars
Table 5.6-5 -- Beamwidth, ERP, and Low Voltage Summary
Table 6.1-1 -- Speed Error Spread (5° Beamwidth)
Table 7.3-1 -- Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrum (10 - 400 nm)
Table 9.2-1 -- Speed Error vs Range Error
Table 10.1-1 -- Vertify Ticket Information
Table 10.1-2 -- Traffic-Stop Notes
Table 10.2-1 -- Electronic Signal Detection
Table 10.2-2 -- Standard Features and Options
Table 10.4-1 -- Discovery Motion Items
Table 10.4-2 -- Police Officer Typical Presentation
Table 10.4-3 -- Potential Questions for the Officer
Table 10.4-4 -- Free Falling Object Speed
Table 11.1-1 -- Frequency Multipliers
Table 11.1-2 -- Traffic Radar Frequency Bands
Table 11.1-3 -- Select Ka Band Traffic Radar Frequencies
Table 11.1-4 -- Military Radar Bands
Table 11.1-5 -- International Telecommunications Union Radar Bands
Table 11.1-6 -- Radio Frequency Bands
Table 11.1-7 -- ECM Band
Table 11.1-8 -- Sound Bands
Table 11.1-9 -- Sound Applications
Table 11.2-1 -- Traffic Radar Wavelengths
Table 11.2-2 -- Wavelengths for Common Sources
Table 11.3-1 -- Police Radar Far-Field
Table A-1 -- Gravitional Constant (g)
Table A-2 -- Averages for Acceleration
Table A-3 -- Acceleration Compared to Gravity Constant (g)
Table A-4 -- Maximum Braking* for select Vehicles
Table B-1 -- Decimal Multiplier Prefixes
Table B-2 -- Binary Multiplier Prefixes
Table B-3 -- Constants
Table B-4 -- Speed Conversions
Table B-5 -- Length Conversions
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